wax model from La Specola Museum in Florence, Italy.

from "Traité complet d'anatomie de l'homme" by JM Bourgery (1866-1871).

"Short-robed Surgeon Catheterizes a Patient" by Heinrich Kullmaurer and Albrecht Meher (ca 1510).

from "A Complete Treatise of the Stone and Gravel" by John Greenfield (1710).

16th century lithotrite with a large bladder stone.

by George Tiemann (ca 1840).

cased set with a dragon head (ca 1825).

bow from the cased set.

use of a Dupuytren's double bistoury from "Traité complet d'anatomie de l'homme" by JM Bourgery (1866-1871).

by Gazaban with both the percussion hammer and the catheter by Charriere with a staghorn calculus (ca 1860).

ca 1840. The stone is broken up wth the drill and then the device is turned to capture the fragments. The handle is ebony and ivory to show whether the basked has been opened or closed.

Kelly's graduated urethral dilator (1904).

silver catheters with oil (ca 1860).

unmarked catheter to treat urinary obstruction by perforating the bladder through the rectum, mid 19th century.

trocar for direct insertion into the bladder for emergent relief of bladder obstruction.

(top) cased set of bougie à boule, Otis dilating urethrotome with dissecting blade, internal dilating urethrotome

use of a Dupuytren's double bistoury from "Traité complet d'anatomie de l'homme" by JM Bourgery (1866-1871).

ca 1860.

exhibition gold and ivory urethretome by Luer (ca 1880).

treatment for neuresthesia, late 19th century.

This painting by Francois Boucher (1703-1770) shows the use of a female urinal named after the dashing French Jesuit priest Louis Bourdeloue (1632-1704) whose long sermons were not to be missed by adoring women not wanting to lose their seats.

(left) floral ceramic for males, (right) Bordeloue for females, mid 19th century,

male and female devices for treating gonorrhea in females (top) and males (bottom) by infusion of medications.

(left to right) female glass treen and ivory syringe, cased urethral syringe, male ivory and glass syringe.

plunger method of instilling urethral and bladder medication, mid 19th century.

late 19th century.

first illustration of renal failure, from "Exercitationes Practicae Circa Medendi Methodum" by Frederici Dekkers (1694).

first to describe kidneys in renal failure (1789-1858).

from "Reports of Medical Cases" by Richard Bright (1827)